GLOSSARY+TERMS

=**GLOSSARY TERMS**=
 * ACTORS/GLOBAL ACTORS **: Two categories – States and regional organisations; non-government organisations, transnational organisations


 * GLOBALISATION: **Refers to the concept of interaction and promotion of activities internationally, such as economic, trade, goods and services, labour. Globalisation has a wide spread impact on social, political, economic and cultural life.

====Involves the increased mobility of goods, services, labour, capital, communication and technology on a global scale. Globalisation has both positive and negative impaces across many areas, including economies, cultures, politics, technology and the environment and its forces are sometimes seen to challenge the sovereignty of states. Creates global interdependance. Globalisation has been facilitated by rapid changes in communication and technology. **GLOBAL GOVERNANCE**: Institutions, rules, norms and legal arrangements that seek to facilitate cooperation, and manage relations between states. Governance is carried out by both governmental organisations such as the UN and non-governmental organisations such as the International Criminal Court. ==== The political interaction of transnational actors aimed at solving problems that affect more than one state when there is no power of enforcing compliance. The modern question of world governance exists in the context of globalization. Eg. WTO, ICC, IMF, UN AND World Bank

====**INTERNATIONALISM: **Emphasizes the similarities & links between people. It stresses a common humanity beyond the concept of national identity, based on convictions about the need for cooperative solutions to common challenges and universal human rights. The UN plays a key role in promoting internationalism.====
 * INTERNATIONAL AND POLITICAL ARENA **: International relations between the political activities of states.


 * INTRA-STATE CONFLICT **: relates to internal conflicts such as civil wars or civilian uprisings such as the Arab spring – within states.Intrastate wars are wars that are fought within state borders between a government and non-government forces (civil war). Intrastate conflicts break out when one group---ethnic, religious or social---feels disadvantaged or exploited by another group in the same state and tries to change that through violence.
 * MULTILATERALISM:** Refers to groups of states cooperating on an international issue to achieve a desired outcome in a way that may not necessarily be directly in support of individual national interests. Emphasises the importance of an international community of nations working together, rather than individual nations pursing their narrow self-interest, perhaps by seeking stronger relations with chosen partners or allies. The UN is an example of an organisation which is multilateral in nature.


 * MULTILATERAL RESOLUTION **: The successive system of coordinating relations between three or more states
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">NATION **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">: Nations are groups of people who share cultural characteristics, such as language & cultural identity. Some groups or nations also have a state - the Japanese, Danes and Dutch to name three. Some nations do not have a state or are spread over a large geographic area. The Kurdish people are spread over several states - Iran, Iraq & Turkey. Tibetans have been incorporated into China; and the Chechens fight against the Russians to create their own state. Some nations, particularly small ones, are absorbed into larger states, eg the Indian tribes of the United States. Nations do not traditionally have sovereignty.

====**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">NATIONAL INTEREST: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Refers to <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> a country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or cultural. The concept is an important one in international relations where pursuit of the national interest is the foundation of a state’s foreign policy.The national interest of a state is multi-faceted. Primary is the state's survival and security. Also important is the pursuit of wealth and economic growth and power. Many states, especially in modern times, regard the preservation of the nation's culture as of great importance ====

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Social, economic and environmental. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">- international organizations that are not influenced or controlled by government. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">- can influence government but cannot challenge them. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">E.g. amnesty international, Red Cross, Greenpeace
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">NGOS **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">: Non-Government Organisations- specialised organisations, agencies & groups committed to promoting particular interests or issues. These organisations work on the basis of links between individuals across the globe and are independent from government influence, and as such act as a moderating influence on government behaviour.

====Involves the ability to make decisions & exercise influence in people's lives. States come in all sorts of shapes & sizes but the ability of a state to maintain its sovereignty and achieve its national interest objectives will to some extent depend on what power it has & how it can use it. Power comes in many different forms, but the most common aspect of it are military & economic.==== ====**//Military Power//** comes from the military capacity that a state has, plus their ability to use it to achieve national interest objectives. Capacity will depend on the amount spent on the military; the number of service men & women in the armed forces; their commitment, morale and training; and the relationship between the military & the state.==== ====//**Economic Power**// determines whether or not a state can become a major military power. The larger & more successful the economy of a state, the greater will be its ability to spend on the military. However, economic power is also a force in itself. The US is clearly the major economic power in the world and this, combined with it's military strength, makes it the only current superpower. However, the US is running massive budget deficits and the current financial crisis has highlighted the structural weakness of the economy. If this crisis is not contained and controlled this crisis has the potential to be a significant problem for long term US economic power. In contrast, the Chinese economy is growing at a remarkable 9-11% per year and the Chinese Government is running a healthy budget surplus as foreign investment fuels the growth. Chinese growth is in part fed by US-led multinational corporations investing in the communist state. china's economy, by virtue of the fact that there are 1.3 billion people in the country, has the greatest potential for ongoing growth. This gives China greater potential economic power than most other states. It also highlights that population can be a factor in power.==== ====//Size, resources and strategic location// are all important factors relating to power. Size can deter other states from challenging, resources can contribute significantly to economic well being, and strategic location can attract allies or invite potential conflict.==== ====Political systems also play a part in the issue of power. the US claims to be a 'leader of the free world' through its commitment to democracy, which it argues, gives it legitimacy. However, democracies are not always the most efficient form of government, and it is possible that a one party state like China might be able to act more decisively in a crisis. The ability of the state to rouse nationalism can also be a factor in a crisis. The ability of a state to develop allies can also be significant in terms of power. ANZUS====
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">POWER: **

Power involves an assessment of the changing resources available to a state and of the changes brought about in their relationship to one another.
<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">‘People power’ & public opinion have been facilitated by dramatic changes in communications and technology. NGOs have arisen, in part, to counterbalance the power of the state and prevent it from dominating the rest of society, but also to pressure it to become more responsive to the needs of its citizens or aide states in meeting their citizens needs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">PUBLIC OPINION **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">: Public opinion is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population. Public opinion can also be defined as the complex collection of opinions of many different people and the sum of all their views.

====**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">SOVEREIGNTY: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> The quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a state. A legitimate or widely recognized ability to apply effective control of a territory within recognized borders. It is the primary organizing principle of global politics which provides states with the authority to represent their territorial entity within the international community. State sovereignty can be challenged internally or externally. ====

====**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">CULTURAL SOVEREIGNTY **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">: The power of national governments to make decisions independently to protect and develop the state's national cultural expression. States ensure their cultural identity does not become diluted. For example, the French government has strict quotas on the level of non-French material broadcast on its radio and television networks. ====

====**<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">ECONOMIC SOVEREIGNTY **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">: The power of national governments to make decisions independently of those made by other governments with regards to their economy. There is an argument that the economic sovereignty of some states is being challenged by the forces of globalisation. ====


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">SOFT NOTIONS ON SOVEREIGNTY **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">: refers to states transferring sovereignty upwards believing that any loss is outweighed by economic & political gains.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">STATE: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Refers to the political process of the governing of a particular geographic area, with defined territorial boundaries. States have laws, taxes & currencies,and most run postal systems as part of an international agreement. the UN is made up of member States. States are not permanent fixtures. Consider that since the end of the cold war a number of states have disappeared - Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, East Germany, North & South Yemen and the superpower USSR. To obtain statehood requires diplomatic recognition from a large number of other states, and often there is disagreement as to whether this should be granted.eg. Palestine.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">
====<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">**SUPRANATIONAL:** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">Describes an organization that exists in multiple countries. While, theoretically, supranational could refer to <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">[|multinational corporations] <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 13px;">, the term most often describes an international government or quasi-government organization. Examples include the United Nations, the EU and the International Monetary Fund. Supranational organizations often have a direct role in regulation. For example, an international treaty may set up certain standards for international trade. It is important to note, however, that enforcement of these provisions is left to individual, sovereign governments. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In supranational law, nations explicitly submit their right to make judicial decisions by treaty to a set of common tribunal. The [|United Nations Security Council] and subordinate organizations such as the [|International Court of Justice] are the only globally accepted [|supranational] tribunals. ====


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">THIRD AGENDA ISSUES: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;"> refer to issues that affect a number of States at any one time and so require joint action to be resolved. Eg. Global warming, migration and terrorism. These issues often lead to the creation of international laws/conventions/treaties, which, if ratified reduce state sovereignty.

====<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">Also referred to as multinational organisations. Eg. Nike, Shell. A business or economic organisation (as opposed to a human rights or enviornmental body) that operates in many countries through various branches.Operations & investments extend beyond the boundaries of the state in which it is registered. The central aim of all TNCs is to maximise profit and return dividends(where applicable) to shareholders. Because of this of this, TNCs are divisive global actors because the desire to maximise profits comes before any other concerns.====
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNCs) **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 15px;">: Companies whose operations and investments extend beyond the boundaries of the state in which it is registered.